Bipedalism Human Birth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 866 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category People Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Bipedalism Human Birth: The Obstetric Dilemma Over hundreds of thousands of years, the human body has evolved in many different ways to help us adapt to our ever changing environment. The obstetric dilemma refers to changes in the female pelvic region as a result of our evolution towards bipedalism, and the resulting difficulties in childbirth. When assessing gestation periods, premature births and maternal infant health, the question comes up as to why the human body has evolved in such a way as to make childbirth potentially fatal for both mother and child? The advantages of bipedalism can be seen when we throw a ball, carry the shopping bags from the car or collect the mail from the letterbox. But are the advantages we gain worth risking the lives of both mother and infant during childbirth? Have we found the balance between possessing bodily adaptations which are essential for bipedalism, and the advantages of having babies that are better developed and are born with larger, more complex brains? Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion, where humans and a few other bipedal creatures can move around using their two hind limbs. The earliest bipedal adaptation is thought to have begun with Australopithecines, dating back between 3 and 4. 2 million years ago, with evidence of upright locomotion found in fossil form. A number of selective pressures started to arise with the evolution of the human species, and as a result a number of changes had to be made throughout the body, especially females, to accommodate for these pressures. Natural selection played a role in the development of bipedalism, as our ancestors were moving through environments that required them to have maximum foraging distance and ground coverage with minimal energy expenditure. This in turn meant that individuals possessing the right characteristics for upright striding had a greater chance of survival as their environments grew less and less accommodating. Among oth er reasons, such as freeing our upper limbs and assisting thermoregulation, bipedalism allowed us to become more energy efficient. It provided a way for us to get the most out of our sparse, patchy unpredictable environments while conserving as much energy as possible while still maintaining our foraging efficiency. The energy we conserved in making these changes went towards the development of larger brains, and has been essential in our evolutionary process. For our bodies to adapt to this radical new method of locomotion, a number of structural changes had to be made throughout the body. Organs bones shifted to allow these adaptations to be made. The broadening ilial and the narrowing ischial pelvic bones resulted in the human pelvic structure becoming smaller, narrower, and with a reduced birth canal. Differing largely from the male pelvis, which has a much broader pelvic bowl, the female pelvis is much rounder with less bony structures protruding into the cavity. Babies today are born after approximately 9 months in gestation. In 1994, the average gestation period was 39. 2 weeks, which dropped to 38. 8 weeks in 2004 (Australia’s Babies. ABS 2010). Compared with chimpanzees and gorillas, this is a relatively short incubation period. Even though a longer period is desirable for prenatal development, there are many risks involved in child birth today and therefore there are a number of reasons why our species cannot afford the extra time in incubation, nor can we afford for the incubation period to be anything less. Chimpanzees’ offspring are born with 45-50% brain development, while human infants are born with just 25% of their brains fully developed (Discovery Media 2010). Foetal brain development is highly energy costly, and so a prolonged incubation would be detrimental to the health of the mother. This essentially means that a human child will spend close to a year helpless and completely dependent on its mother. There are b enefits to this prolonged period of nurture and care for human infants after birth. Although they take up a lot of time and effort, in the interest of successful reproduction, the father is more likely to invest more of his time with the infant, providing necessary food and care while the young are growing up. This in turn creates an extended transition period from childhood to adults, meaning that a young child experiencing the world under careful guidance and support has a greater chance of survival. Another evolutionary adaptation is menopause. This is a natural response to aging in women, a process in which the menstrual cycle ceases, preventing women past childbearing age from having any more children. This adaption was made in the interest of reproductive success, because once the mother reaches this point she will now invest her time into her existing children and/or grandchildren. So even though more effort is required from both parents early in life and throughout chi ldhood, it is greatly beneficial in the end as it boosts our chances of reproductive success. Reference Darwin, C 1859, The Origin of Species, London Relethford, J 2010 The Human Species: An Introduction to Biological Anthropology, 8th edition. McGraw Hill, New York. Meyer, J 2010. Lecture notes from ANHB1102; Anatomy of Human Locomotion Obstetrical Dilemma. Available from https://www. servinghistory. com/topics/obstetrical_dilemma Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australia’s Babies is available from https://www. abs. gov. au/AUSSTATS/ Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bipedalism Human Birth" essay for you Create order

Essay on Teaching Morals and Ethics in Public Schools

Teaching Morals and Ethics in Public Schools I find myself disagreeing with Kozol and his statement that schools should be an institution where morals can be taught and developed. It is my belief that schools should not be held responsible for instilling morals and ethics into the minds of Americas children. Of course, it is true that schools should instill and reinforce morals that are part of our everyday existence. Those of the Golden Rule, as well as the wrongs of death and destruction can be, not so much taught, rather restated in institutions of learning. It is my opinion, however, those morals should be taught in the home. Most classrooms are made up of people of various religious and ethnic backgrounds. I t is impossible,†¦show more content†¦Schools right now attempt to teach us that all men are created equal. However, even the most educated of people, graduating from Harvard with honors, can still be a bigot. The reason for this is that schools fail to teach us morals even when it is part of the curriculum. No matter what a person is taught through their years of their education, the single greatest factor that influences that persons morals and ethics, are their parents. I also feel with the way things are set up now, at least where I am from, there is little if any time to fit ethical teachings into the school year. Im sure that earlier on in my learning experience there may have been time for such learning. However, the emphasis, for as far back as I can remember, was always placed on succeeding in school, not to be ethical or courteous. From grade 1, there was very little time to get off the course of learning. We had to be prepared for the next level. Teachers would always tell us, Its not going to be this easy next year, so start working hard now. The funny thing was that we always seemed to be preparing for the next step, while we failed to ever concentrate on the here and the now. But we seemed to go more in depth into topics then was required, and perhaps looked into the moral dilemmas faced by those in wars and various events which called for great leaders to place their ethics on the side while they did something to better mankind. This is what makesShow MoreRelated Teaching Morals and Ethics in Public Schools Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching Morals and Ethics in Public Schools The question of whether or not schools should teach ethics and morals is misleading, because ethics and morals are two different things. Websters Dictionary defines ethics as a particular system of principles and rules concerning duty, whether true or false, and morals as motivation based on ideas of right and wrong. As I take it, ethics implies a set of basic rules to abide by, whereas morals strictly set down what to believe, and what not toRead MoreEssay on Public Schools Should Teach Morals and Ethics700 Words   |  3 PagesPublic Schools Should Teach Morals and Ethics Jonathon Kozol writes, Public schools in the U.S. do not exist to educate an ethical human being†¦Schools do exist to educate defeated, unprovocative, well-balanced human beings†¦. This statement is certainly true, but should public schools be required to teach students ethics and morality? I would argue that an education devoid of ethics and morals is detrimental to our society. Scholar Joao Coutinho writes in the Harvard Educational Review, EducationRead MoreA Code Of Ethics For Teachers1334 Words   |  6 Pages The Need for a Code of Ethics for Teachers and How Positive and Professional Dispositions Must Be Exhibited Prior to and During Student Teaching Aliesha R. Phillips The University of Southern Mississippi Ethics falls under a broad definition that can be defined in many ways: â€Å"The term ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation; 2a) a set of moral principles; 2b) the principles of conduct governing an individual or a groupRead MoreEthics in Early Childhood Development1175 Words   |  5 PagesEthics in Early Childhood Development Early childhood development meant may be defined as the critical years of education for toddlers. During these years they become increasingly aware of their surrounds and the behavior. Children will adapt to the behaviors which are visual to them. During these years child absorb more information than the average adult over a 4 year span. This is because their sole purpose is to learn and grow. As parents, we have to be very aware of the surrounds and thingsRead MoreAfter Reading The Arkansas Code Of Ethics, I Will Now Have1077 Words   |  5 PagesAfter reading the Arkansas Code of Ethics, I will now have an idea of how to model my teaching career in positive way. Because of my Christian raising, I have a sense of strong morals and values. Throughout my life, I have tried to set high standards of morals for myself. Wanting to be a teacher is just one way that I can become a better person; I want to help raise the next generation of people to be good, productive members of society. B eing entrusted with the welfare of children is a great responsibilityRead MoreEssay on Teaching Our Children Common Courtesy and Etiquette556 Words   |  3 Pagesteachers already have their hands full with America’s failing education system, teaching etiquette may be very beneficial. Moreover, parents no longer instruct their children on common courtesy, perhaps because they have not learned it themselves, which hinders an entire generation from their full potential for success. As stated by Edward Owens, â€Å"civility is a language of sorts, its better learned young†. Schools are children’s second home. These days with both parents working, and grandparentsRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And Education1366 Words   |  6 PagesEthics and education are both complementary to the other. Education lacking ethics is nothing but nothing learning without purpose and when ethics are when one develops the right ethics then education is essential. What we should know is that the main purpose of education lies in the enlightenment of mind that gives us and our children the ability to choose between what is moral and what is immoral. A code of ethics within any workplace is a set of written principles regarding conduct and behaviorRead MorePreparing for Ethical Challenges Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesPreparing For Ethical Challenges A survey by the Josephson Institute of Ethics polled more than 20,000 middle and high school students about moral standards. Almost half of these students reported stealing something from a store in the previous 12 months. In the same period, seven out of 10 cheated on an exam. There is more and more evidence of antisocial behavior than ever among our youth. Even our most academically talented students tend to let personal interest triumph over the common goodRead MoreThe Role And Professional Position Of The School Principal944 Words   |  4 Pagesimportance of understanding the need for ethical and/or moral leadership, it is important to present the development of the role of school principals and its eventual need for the inclusion of ethics and moral into school leadership. The role and professional position of the school principal began to be shaped during the early 19th century with the development of â€Å"head teacher† (Brown, 2011). Next, at the turn of the 20t h century, the position of school principal began to gain both stature and authorityRead MoreEssay on Ethics in Todays Universities1539 Words   |  7 PagesBeliefs; The universitys role in instilling a moral code among students? None whatever, some argue is an article written by Peter Steinfels. The article focuses on the opinion of several college professors about whether morality and an ethical code of conduct should be taught in universities. The article presents both sides of the argument and quotes from different educators but does not take a stand on whether ethics should be part of the university curriculum or not. My initial

Breach of Trust free essay sample

A breach of trust will arise when a party to a trust does not respect the term of the trust or the trust act. This is governed by section 52 of the trust act There can be 2 circumstances where there is breach of trust; 1. The trustee has not perform his duty 2. The trustee has done things which is not entitle to you 10. 2 Consequences for breach of trust Beneficiary will suffer from the breach of trust resulted from the trustee. The beneficiary can take action against the trustee for breach of trust. Proprietary claim In this case the beneficiary will acquire a right against an item of specific property in ircumstances in which the trustee does not have sufficient fund to make good any loss suffered by the beneficiary. A proprietary claim will enable the beneficiary to seize a specific property of the trustee. Tracing apply in the case of proprietary claim 10. 4 Personal liability Standard of care The liability of a trustee for breach of duty is strict. There is no need to establish through or even carelessness on the trustee part. The duty of the trustee is to conduct the business of the trust with the same care as the ordinary of a trust that would extend toward its own cost. Case law of Re-Speight 1883 10. 5 Measure of liability or damages The trustee must account for profit made or replace loses made to the trust. This was mentioned in the case of Re Dawson. A trustee who commits a breach shall be liable for any loss or depreciation in value of the trust property resulting from the breach. This is governed by section 50 of the trust Act. If trustee commit a breach of trust it shall jointly and severally liable. That is if there is a breach of trust committed it is a breach committed by all trustees. Jointly and severally mean that the beneficiary may recover the loss either in equal share from all the trustees or the loss from any one of them. A trustee will be held responsible in the following circumstances when breach arises: 1. Breach with full misconduct 2. Breach with gross negligence Proprietary liability – Trustee has to return the original property Refers to the recovery of the trust property, it follows the concept of tracing (is an attempt by the beneficiary) to establish a property claim to specify a piece of property by tracing a beneficiary existing. 10. 6 There are two types of tracing 10. . 1. Common law tracing Refers to identify specific item or property in the land of the trustee in which the beneficiary has retained proprietary rights. The beneficiary will seek a common law tracing claim to require the return of that specific item of property. It will be applicable if the property is in the hand of the trustee. 10. 6. 2 Equitable tracing – truste e has to compensate This will apply when the beneficiary property has passed in the hands of the trustee but has been substituted for another item or property in which the beneficiary has never previously hand any proprietary rights. He will be required to pursue an equitable tracing plate to assert, title of substitute property as being presentative of the beneficiaries original property. Case study; Foskett v/s Mckeown The tracing process is the same in law. However the nature of revenity is different. There is more likely to have a proprietary depending upon the payment acerting beneficial title to the property. The case of Ajey v/s Jackson The tracing plain in equity gives rise to proprietary revenue which depends on the continued existence of the trust property in the hand of the defendant unless it is a vonafra purchaser for value without notice. He must restore the trust property to its rightful owner if he still has it. Nature of tracing Tracing is neither a claim nor revenue. It is merely the process by which a claimant demonstrate what has happen to his property, identify its proceed and the person who has handle or receive all these of them and justify its claim that the proceeds can properly be rewarded as representing his property. 10. 7 Relief from liability It is where the trustee will not be held liable for breach of trust. The trust act provide for 2 types of relief. . Relief by beneficiary Beneficiary may relief a trustee or liability to him for a breach of trust. A beneficiary may indemnify a trustee against liability for breach of trust. However there are certain formalities attached with the relief by the beneficiary. The beneficiary should not be a minor or a person under mental disability. It does not have full knowledge of all material fact. The beneficiary is properly induced by the trustee to act. The court may relieve a liability of trust where it appear o the court that the trustee has acted reasonably and honestly and that the trustee all fairly to be excused. 10. 8 Mixing of trust money and trustee money It is where a trustee mixes trust money with his own fund The basic rule is that the beneficiary is entitled to the first charge on the fund or any property purchase with it. There may be mixing of money from different sources 10. 9 Mixing of money from different sources In this situation there is no reason to give any claimant priority over any other since all are innocent; therefore the rule is that they take paripassu. If they mix fine consist of Rs 500 from trust A and Rs 1000 from trust B and the whole of A is used to purchase share, trust A will have a charge of Share for Rs 500 and trust B for Rs 1000. 10. 10 Loss of the Right The right to trace equity will be loss if one of the following happens. The property passes to a bon a fillet If the property ceases to be identifiable It would be inequitable to trace. This may apply to the case of innocent volunteers.

Prenatal Development free essay sample

Pregnancy occurs when an egg is fertilized by a sperm, and the egg grows inside a womans uterus also called a woman’s womb, and will develop into a baby. In humans, this process takes about 264 days, but the obstetrician will date from the last menstrual period or 280 days which is 40 weeks. There are a number of things that must fall into place in the right order to become pregnant and have a baby. The creation of a human being requires the right environment, the right timing, the right factors, and a great deal of luck.The term intra-uterine pregnancy is used to describe when a fertilized egg is implanted in the uterus and an embryo grows. The length of time of a pregnancy is divided into three sections called trimesters or stages, which is about three months each. Each trimester has particular events and developmental markers. The first trimester or builds the foundation of the different organ systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Prenatal Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first trimester or stage is the germinal period or the zygotic period. It is the first two weeks of prenatal development. Near the end of the two weeks the single-celled a zygot, developes into a cluster of cells called the embryo.The second stage or trimester is called the embryonic period, which is week three through week eight. In the first month the embryo is usually 1/8th of an inch or . 275 cm long. I weighs about 3 grams. A yolk sac has already formed at this stage. Organs and major systems within the body of the embryo forms during this period. The embryo’s lifeline is the umbilical cord, which provide the embryo nourishment, oxygen, and water from the mother. The umbilical cord also carries away waste. The placenta is also developed, protecting the embryo, by keeping the mother’s blood from mingling with the developing embryo. It also protects the embryo by preventing harmful substances in the mother’s blood from reaching the embryo, such as teratogens. Teratogens are harmful substances that can cause birth defects. By three weeks the baby’s brain cells have started to form, creating a sheet of neural cells that curls and forms a neural tube lined with stem cells. At the top of the neural tube forms a bulge which later consists of the hind brain, mid brain, and fore brain. When the neural tube expands, it creates ventricals and the core of the brain.Ventricals that are filled with ceobraspinal fluid cushions the brain and also provides nutrients to the brain and spinal cord. In the second month, It is about an inch or 2. 5 cm long. It is 8. 7 grams heavy. The head, tail and the umbilical cord are formed and the sex glands are determined. The limbs, toes, fingers, the skeleton and bone cells have also been formed at this stage. A distinctively human appearance develops. Facial features, the main organ systems also take shape. By the end of the eighth week, the structures of the brain, heart, liver, limbs, ears, nose and eyes evolve.This is a most critical period of development. Harmful medications, drugs and alcohol may disturb the processes of development and cause defects or snags in the embryo. The fetal period or trimester is the third month to actual birth of the baby. At this stage the baby is called the fetus with distinctively human features. At the end of the third month the baby can move its arms, legs, mouth and head, although at this moment of time, the movements are uncoordinated and cannot be felt by the mother. The fetus is now one to three inches long and weighs roughly an ounce. The baby can also start using reflexive responses .During the fourth month the mother can feel quickening, which is the baby moving inside the uterus. At five months all brain cells of the baby for birth are developed. During this period the baby has sleep and wake cycles. In the sixth month the fetus’s brain activity is similar to that of a newborn baby. The final two months the fetus usually doubles in weight. The fetus will usually add on about three to four pounds of body fat. This additional body fat will help the newborn baby adjust to different temperatures outside the womb. The closer to birth, the fetus’s growth slows and the actions of the body systems become more regular.At about forty weeks or 280 days, the fetus is ready to emerge in the world. At birth a baby’s brain is only one forth the size of an adult’s brain. The brain will weight at birth less than a pound. After a baby is born the neurons grow in size and continue to develop. A newborn enters the world with a array of physical and sensory capabilities. In the beginning right at birth a baby’s behavior is mostly reflex moves that are to enable his survival in the new world. In conclusion, a baby is a very precious and wonder gift that some women are blessed with. It is very mportant for a new expectant mother to understand the stages of pregnancy. A new mother should research and read all that she can read to gain knowledge of what is going to happen in the months to come. The more knowledge a new mother has is very beneficial for her well being and also to interact with her physician about symptoms and problems if any arise.